In Japan, many older adults rely on bicycles for daily transportation, much more than older adults in Europe or the United States. Previous research has shown that people who ride bicycles tend to be more physically active and socially engaged. Cycling has long been thought to be a habit that reduces the need for long-term care and lowers the risk of death, but there is little long-term evidence validating these benefits, particularly in Japan.
To better understand these effects, researchers analyzed older adults’ cycling habits across two key areas. First, they looked at how often participants cycled in 2013, and then tracked whether they needed long-term care or died over the next 10 years until 2023. Second, we assessed changes in cycling behavior (nonuse, initiation, discontinuation, continuation) from 2013 to 2017 and how these patterns were associated with subsequent health outcomes. The analysis included studies that focused on all participants as well as non-driving individuals.
Reduced risk of death and long-term care
The results showed clear benefits. Older adults who cycled in 2013 had a lower risk of needing long-term care and death over the next 10 years than those who did not cycle. These protective effects were particularly strong among non-drivers.
Continue cycling for lasting benefits
The second part of the study found that older adults who continued to cycle from 2013 to 2017 had a lower risk of both needing long-term care and dying in subsequent years. For non-drivers, the benefits were even broader. People who continued cycling or started cycling during this period were less likely to need long-term care later in life.
Cycling as a “lifestyle partner” for seniors
Overall, the findings suggest that cycling may play an important role in supporting both the physical and mental health of older adults, increasing their longevity and maintaining their independence. Researchers describe cycling as a “lifestyle companion” that supports healthy aging, especially for people who don’t drive. This is especially important as more and more elderly people in Japan are giving up their driver’s licenses. This study also highlights the need for greater social support to encourage cycling in older people.
This research was supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (26750348), KEIRIN JKA (2023P-380), JST (JPMJPF1234), Meiji Yasuda Life Health and Welfare Foundation, and Japan Sports Association.
