Biosafety prevents biohazard risks to humans and the environment, biosecurity prevents the misuse of biological assets, and One Health is a multidisciplinary framework that integrates human, animal, and environmental health, all of which are at the core of global health protection. Reviews published in Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity We analyze the role of vaccines across these areas, advocate tailored strategies for high-risk groups, address laboratory biosafety and zoonotic disease control, and highlight personalized and modern vaccination policies.
Modern vaccine platforms include live attenuated vaccines, live inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and virus-like particle vaccines, each of which elicits a distinct immune response. Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) vaccines enable rapid and cost-effective production and rely on delivery systems such as nanoparticles, as seen in COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccination stimulates innate and adaptive immunity, generating antibody responses and immunological memory. The durability of antibodies varies by vaccine, and boosters are required to maintain protection. Herd immunity, achieved through mass vaccination, reduces the spread of disease, while correlates of protection (CoP) guide vaccine efficacy assessment and development.
Targeted vaccination will prioritize high-risk occupational groups, such as healthcare workers, laboratory staff, agricultural workers, and travelers to endemic areas. Global vaccination rates for some vaccines remain low due to costs, logistics, and vaccine hesitancy. Age- and occupation-specific immunization, supported by workplace reminders and engagement, improves coverage and outbreak control.
Vaccines are essential for biosafety and biosecurity. Customized vaccinations for laboratory staff reduce laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) with pathogens such as Brucella and hepatitis B. Biosafety levels (BSL1-4) classify laboratory risks, and vaccination is mandatory for BSL2-4 personnel. LAI can occur through inoculation, inhalation, ingestion, or mucosal contact. Vaccines significantly reduce the risk of infection, but underreporting complicates monitoring. Many high-risk pathogens lack licensed vaccines or clear guidelines, requiring accelerated development and updated protocols. Vaccines also enhance biosecurity by preventing outbreaks and bioterrorism risks in livestock.
In particular, One Health tackles zoonotic diseases that spread between animals and humans and cause millions of illnesses and deaths each year. Veterinary vaccines protect livestock, protect endangered species (such as rabies vaccination for wild animals), and stop the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Targeted animal vaccination achieves herd immunity, kills infected animals, and immunizes pregnant individuals to protect their offspring. International cooperation, such as the PREDICT project and global rabies vaccine funding, is strengthening surveillance and control of zoonotic diseases.
In conclusion, vaccines are essential to global health and require strategies tailored to risk, occupation, and demographics. They protect laboratory staff, prevent LAI, manage zoonotic diseases through One Health, and secure livestock and human populations. Gaps in vaccine access and guidelines remain, requiring continued research, policy updates, and international cooperation to strengthen prevention and protect public health.
sauce:
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Reference magazines:
Arueitan, New South Wales; Others. (2024). Targeted vaccination strategies: integrating vaccines into biosafety, biosecurity and One Health efforts. Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2024.10.002. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588933824000529?via%3Dihub
